Increased exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation

Stratospheric ozone destruction essentially a separate process to greenhouse gas accumulation. However, greenhouse gas warming of the troposphere appears to be linked to cooling of the stratosphere (Houghton et al., 2001). Further, peoples, solar exposure behavior may change as climatic conditions change, appreciated only recently, is that lower temperatures in the stratosphere may accelerate the destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Although emissions of ozone-depleting chemicals such as CFCs have fallen significantly because of international agreements, global climate change may delay recovery of the stratospheric ozone. High levels of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation will continue to pass through to Earth’s surface for longer than would occur without climate change.

The effects of UV radiation on skin cancer, skin ageing, and cataracts of the eye are important public health issues in Australia, which has one of the highest skin cancer rates in the world (Marks et al., 1989). These high rates cannot be attributed to relatively recent phenomena such as ozone depletion or climate change because of the relatively long incubation time of serious skin cancer forms such as melanoma. Much of the risk is likely to be due to a predominantly pale-skinned population living in an environment with relatively low air pollution, plentiful sunlight and an outdoors-oriented lifestyle (Armstrong, 1994). In a warmer world, patterns of exposure to solar radiation can be expected to change (such as an increase in swimming and other outdoor activities, or conversely a retreat indoors to air conditioning).

These behaviors do signal a high degree of vulnerability to prolonged elevated levels of UV radiation (McKenzie and Elwood, 1990). The present levels of UV radiation have been increasing for the past 20 years (Mckenzie et al., 1999), and it is expected that the incidence of melanomas and other skin cancers will increase as a result of increasing UV radiation (Longstreth et al., 1998). Preliminary evidence also suggests that higher environmental temperatures enhance UV carcinogenesis. If this were true, the effect of rising temperatures on skin cancer incidence may soon be greater than that of ozone depletion (Len and Gruijl 2002). While recognizing the adverse effects of increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, Lucas and Ponsonby (2002) also point out that some exposure to ultraviolet radiation is needed to maintain healthy levels of vitamin D.

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Deficiency Diseases due to Malmutrition

Deficiency Diseases due to Malmutrition

Malnutrition may be due to one or more of the following reasons:

* Willful starvation or low food intake.

* Poor health of the individual

* Lack of awareness of nutritional qualities and requirement of food.

* Socio-economic factors.

* Poor quality of sanitation and water supply leads to ill-health.

The effect of malnutrition depends on age, health-status of individual and the duration or time period when nutrients are not provided. These effects are divided into 2 types.

1. Short-term effects of malnutrition.

2. Long-term effects of malnutrition.

Short-term effects of malnutrition:

During this period, the body tries to compensate the deficiency for a limited period of time.

Long-term effects of malnutrition:

It is different in adults and children. In adults weight reduction occurs and cannot defend their body against infections.

If these people are given adequate food, they will recover and become normal very soon. In children the effects are more

Severe- weakness, sickness, growth of brain becomes slow, difficulty in learning and other mental activities.

Diseases of Malnutrition in Children:

Kwashiorkor- caused due to protein-malnutrition.

Marasmus- Caused due to protein calorie malnutrition.

Kwashiorkor: This is a disease due to protein deficiency in the diet. Kwashiorkor means displaced child i.e, mother stops giving milk to the child and the child is given alternative food before one year.

The effects of this disease on children are:

* Growth is slowed down in these children.

* Muscules are very poorly developed and legs are usually swollen.

* Face will be fluffy and moon shaped.

* Body parts become swollen due to accumulation of water in the intercellular spaces.

* Due to reduction of appetite in the child, he finds it difficult to eat food.

* child frequently suffers from diarrhoea.

* Hair becomes thin and does not have normal shine.

* The skin becomes dry and loose.

* The child becomes inactive, shows little interest in playing and learning.

Marasmus: It is disease caused due to deficiency of proteins and calories. The child is given a diet which contains less amount of proteins and carbohydrates. the body weight of such childern is 60% of the required weight for that age.

The effected children show:

*Thin limbs and prominent ribs. Muscules are less developed and body lacks fat under the skin.

* Skin becomes dry and shows wrinkles. Abdomen gives a swollen lok.

* Hair growth is inadequate and its color is faded.

*Body cannot defend against diseases as the defence mechanisms are also not well developed. The child may suffer from infections and diarrhoea.

* Child is highly irritable and has voracious appetite. He shows very little interest in the surroundings and in physical and mental activities.

So far we learnt about diseases due to malnutrition in children. Too much eating and excess energy intake is also dangerous

to our health, which leads to a condition called obesity. It is seen both in children and adults. Excess energy is converted into fat and stored in the cells of adipose-tissue locted below the skin. An obese children when grew up will be a target of many diseases. It leads to

* Cardiovascular problems.

* Hear-attack.

* Renal and gall-bladder problems.

* Diabetes with high concentration of sugar in the blood. Obese child becomes fun to his friends and compensates his frustration by overeating, which complicates the problem further.

Let us know about the steps to be taken by obese people to reduce their weight and size.

* spend more energy and reduce the intake of energy by reducing eating of energy-rich foods.

* Advisable to take more balanced fiber rich food.

* As a person loses weight, the amount of fat in the adpocytes falls, reducing the size. But it is important that their number should not be changed.

* Proper and required weight is to be maintained through proper diet and regular exercise.

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How to avoid Constipation-Simple Tips To Avoid Constipation

How to avoid Constipation-Simple Tips To Avoid Constipation

The most common that everybody facing with irrespective of age is constipation. Let we know the effects of constipation and life style that affecting the constipation.

Cause of constipation

• Drinking of less water
• Ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement
• Lack of exercise
• Lack of sufficient fiber in diet
• Backed and processed foods
• Extensive intake of Non-vegetarian
• Gastric and digestive problems
• Antacids such as aluminum hydroxide
• Antidepressants
• Opioid (narcotic) pain medicines
• Laxatives (used chronically)
• Antidiarrheals
• Late night sleeps
• Mental Tensions
• Extensive usage of antibiotics
• Irritable bowel syndrome

In the regular circumstances, any food we eat is digested in the stomach into pulp and passes thru the small bowel. The nutrients in pulp are absorbed in the small bowel, after that the pulp is passed in to large colon. Here all the water that is left is absorbed into the blood stream through the colon wall. This leaves dry, undigestible waste products that form the stool.The stool is turned in to hard lumps if you do not drink sufficient water or eat adequate fiber. To keep away from constipation usually, you do not have to drink too much water but you have to take care that your are not at all dehydrated because any surplus water in the stool will be again absorbed in the colon.

Effects of constipation

Fisher will form due to constipation. When u push the stool forcefully there will be a damage to stool outlet area and u will find some bleeding of blood. Fisher is common in those who suffer with constipation. Thos who have fisher the stool outlet will become very narrow, due to this they have to apply more pressure for releasing the stool and this will lead to piles. For piles and fisher you have to consult doctor immediately other wise which will turn into fistula.

Simple Steps to Prevent Constipation

• Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day
• Take care that sufficient Leafy vegetables and fruits in your daily diet
• Take sufficient fiber in diet like celery, popcorn, beans, nuts, flaxseed

Daily Exercise

Exercise is also very essential , for circulating your blood to all those organs for doing there job accurately. Relaxing around on your backside all day will not help you keep away from constipation.

Ayurvedic Remedy

Before going to sleep take triphala churna (Ayurvedic medicine) with luke warm water. This will keep you away from constipation.

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Seriously high levels of ‘bad’ cholesterol (LDL) represent a menacing cause of heart disease. By lowering the LDL level in your blood, you will automatically lower the total level of the cholesterol in your body (the HDL also known as the ‘good’ cholesterol and the LDL – the ‘bad’ cholesterol) and it will prevent the occurrence of heart disease. You can use a drug treatment to lower the cholesterol level, but you can also use a more healthy method – the dietary agents and food supplements that will lower your cholesterol in a natural way. In other words, a diet low in saturated fats and rich in fibres may help you lower cholesterol levels downwards to a normal limit.

We will offer you some piece of advice on what exactly to eat and what not to eat during a diet in order to lower cholesterol level. Keep in mind that this diet it is not very difficult to respect, it requires strength of will and determination to retain yourself from eating the ‘bad’ foods. The tips below should be followed for a period of one month, and then you should get your cholesterol level checked again to see the results of the diet.

1. The first thing you have to do is to reduce the amount of red meat in your daily alimentation. You will replace it with white meat (poultry) and fish which have a low fat level.

2. It is absolutely necessary for you to eliminate or at least to eat less saturated fats. This means that you should start having skimmed milk, low cholesterol spread or light cheese, instead of your normal foods. These light products may not be as tasty as the fat ones, but they care save your life.

3. A healthy diet means a healthy digestion. Foods that are high in fibre (like whole grain cereals or muesli) will eventually help you lower cholesterol by eliminating the dietary fats.

4. Stop frying your food and start grilling them. It prevents the loss of vitamins from the vegetables; therefore you will eat healthier.

5. Eating out can be a test for your determination to lower cholesterol. The best method to pass this test is to eat mainly in restaurants that are serving low cholesterol dishes. In order to avoid ruining your diet, you should ask for the dressings and gravies to be served separately so that you will control the quantity you are eating. Don’t eat them in excess. Try to eat a healthy salad instead of French fries. We know, it is not as tasty but it will lower the ‘evil’ cholesterol.

5. Stop being a ‘couch potato’, start exercising every day. You can do aerobics, you can walk or jog, you can even play basketball, but it is absolutely necessary for you to do it every day.

6. Tropical oils don’t do you good. If you want to get a lower cholesterol level you must start using vegetable oils (olive oil is the best choice) or canola oils.

7. Always read the label on the food products you are buying to be sure of what you are buying in terms of fats level.

8. Now let’s talk about alcohol. Drinking is not exactly your best activity during a diet, as it can ruin your efforts, but latest research has shown that a glass of red wine per day can lower cholesterol in some cases.

9. A cholesterol lowering medication if it is prescribed or recommended by a physician will have maximum effectiveness for your diet if you will respect it entirely.

10. And we saved the best for last. Always remember that a diet for reducing cholesterol level will definitely help you lose weight. Happy eating!